ࡱ> FIGE  !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?BCDRdO)H[,A@PowerPoint Document({SummaryInformation(DocumentSummaryInformation88( / 0DTimes New Roman.p0(70DArialNew Roman.p0(70" DWingdingsRoman.p0(70 b .  @n?" dd@  @@`` 2         0e0e     A@  A5% 8c8c     ?1 d0u0@Ty2 NP'p<'pA)BCD|E@87 g4BdBd40p(ppp@ <4!d!dP&-Pgp<4BdBdP&-Pgpuʚ;2Nʚ;<4ddddP&-Puʚ;<___PPT10 2h___PPT2001D<4X ? %.6Openness and the Internet: A Study in Internet Policy+Elliot Maxwell World Bank November 20, 2002OpennessA central characteristic of the Internet Anyone can connect to anyone and anything Definition of openness differs in various domains What is the preferable level of openness in each domain?Certain Aspects of OpennesszOpen standards Open source software Open access to networks Open spectrum Open availability of information Open governanceOpen StandardsInternet built on open standards: TCP/IP, HTML, HTTP Interoperability  critical to Internet growth Open standards developed through the Internet Engineering Task Force's open processes IETF test  does the standard run code on disparate devices?End to End Design PrincipleIntelligence at the edge of the network No centralized control of applications or information Best efforts to move bits toward their destinationChallenges to Open Standards>Role of proprietary or patented software included in open standards  what are the licensing requirements? Extension of open standards into proprietary standards Non-open processes for developing standards Impact of differing corporate strategies on standards development Adding functionality to the core of the network to enhance particular applications, e.g., streaming media Filters, firewalls, set-top boxes... Open Source SoftwareInternet runs on open source software: Sendmail/Apache/BIND Definitions of  open source differ, although all provide access to source code Advantages Inexpensive, flexible, customizable, extended development community, efficient feedback loop, decreased switching costs Disadvantages Lack of documentation and support, no mechanism for prioritizing developmentLxMxM "Challenges to Open Source SoftwaregBusiness model Intellectual property rights and incentives for development Security Role of governments Open Access to NetworksbRegulations driven by fear of monopolists leveraging their power into adjacent markets Promotes competition in ISPs, video delivery, and content Lessons from the wireline, cable and wireless markets Regulation of common carriers provides a model Superior business model reduced opposition by cable operators DoCoMo unlocks the "walled garden" in wireless&,)  %Challenges to Open Access to NetworksLeverage remains tempting Content-conduit split? Voluntary open access avoids difficult regulatory issues Will open access survive deregulation of wireline broadband services? Continued existence of non-discrimination requirements? N   Open SpectrumEvolution of spectrum management from  command and control From analog to digital Economic value of spectrum recognized via auctions From dumb receivers to smart radios The Rise of the Junk bands Growth in unlicensed devices (licensed by compliance) Interoperability Hotbed of innovation  802.11x New source of wireless broadband Internet accessL<n<n,Open Spectrum (cont d)From spectrum scarcity to spectrum abundance Dedicated spectrum vs. opportunistic spectrum Unlicensed bands Synthetic spectrum Adaptive (software-defined) radios Ultrawideband Underlays Digital communications techniques More users creating more bandwidth?L-?-?,  G Challenges to Open SpectrumPInterference Expanding the unlicensed bands Developing  rules of the road and enforcing them Business model Relationship with licensees of dedicated spectrum  will the past rule the future? Privatization of the spectrum Trespass vs. underlay rights Can privatization and the  commons coexist? &KK ~Open Availability of Information  Intellectual Property Rules@Rights in conflict Limited monopolies to spur creation Rights of users First Sale doctrine Fair Use Innovation  we re standing  on the shoulders of giants Digital goods and the Internet threaten the status quo Copies are not degraded Virtually free copying and distribution Peer to peerb4V7M4V7 MOpen Availability of Information  Intellectual Property Rules (cont d)@The Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) Recognizes rights in digital content Criminalizes anti-circumvention Impact on Fair Use and First Sale doctrines, security research Digital rights management (DRM) Non-printable e-books, exploding CDs, limited utility media Government action invoked Hollings  all digital media to include government-designated DRM Berman  self help authorized against peer to peer networks Broadcast flag and analog hole`, V, V  Open Availability of Information  Issues Regarding Intellectual Property?What is the appropriate balance among rights of creators, rights holders, users? How can DRM (technology) and user rights (law) coexist? Access vs. publication? Who bears responsibility for protection and enforcement? Role of consumer education, technology, law? Impact on general computing model? Impact on innovation?rOpen Availability of Information  "Harmful" InformationLMany different views of what is harmful Pornography, hate speech, sedition Gambling, selling prescription drugs online Information that affects security Web-based maps of hazardous materials diffusion patterns Spam Whitelists Who should control content? Individuals Intermediaries Governments (O": ((O":  ( EOpen Governance4Rise of extraterritoriality Governments  have no sovereignty where we gather  Borderless Internet becoming  bordered Internet, regulated by  borderless laws Government interest increases as Internet's importance increases Maintaining control in the world of atoms Protecting and promoting own values and legal system Possible responses Harmonization Treaties Interoperability Digital IDs Private governancetA_GA_G 0Open Governance (cont d)rPrivate Governance Multilateral Government delegation  Council of Europe Self-regulation/co-regulation  GBDe, TRUSTe Code Legitimacy gap Representativeness Transparency AccountabilityLi/i/>jFor Further Information sxHH@Rg(HH(dh p  ` 3ffffƍ` 3f3fff̙3ff̙` ______` 3f33>?" dZ@?lKd@   l@  P`lA n?" dd@   @@``@n?" dd@  @@``PP   @ ` ` p>  >     p4(  pF  p Z p s *Z p s *" p <.G0*p` @  p <. @ ֤ T Click to edit Master title style! ! p 6. @  ֤ RClick to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level!     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